Oxidative stress, particularly reactive oxygen species (ROS), are important for innate immunity against pathogens.ROS directly attack pathogens, regulate and amplify immune signals, induce autophagy and activate inflammation.In addition, production of ROS by pathogens affects 2334-080 the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, leading to cell death.However, it is unclear how ROS regulate host defense mechanisms.
This review outlines the role of ROS during intracellular pathogen infection, mechanisms of mango veranda rose ROS production and regulation of host defense mechanisms by ROS.Finally, the interaction between microbial pathogen-induced ROS and the ER and mitochondria is described.